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전자계산기 구조 (2016)
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전자계산기 구조 (2016) 전산정보학 총론

  • 신봉희
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  • 일진사
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  • 2016-01-15 출간
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  • 344페이지
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  • 190 X 260 mm
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  • ISBN 9788942914708
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목차

CHAPTER 01 컴퓨터 개요

1. 전자계산기의 개념 및 특성 ········································································· 13
1-1 전자계산기란 ······················································································· 13
1-2 전자계산기의 특성 ·············································································· 14

2. 전자계산기의 발전사 ···················································································· 15
2-1 전자계산기의 등장 ·············································································· 15
2-2 전자계산기의 발전 과정 ····································································· 15
2-3 전자계산기의 세대별 구분 ································································· 19

3. 전자계산기의 분류 ······················································································· 21
3-1 표현 데이터에 의한 분류 ··································································· 21
3-2 처리 능력에 따른 분류 ······································································ 22
3-3 사용 목적에 따른 분류 ······································································ 23

4. 전자계산기의 구성 ······················································································· 24
4-1 하드웨어의 기본 구성 ········································································ 24
4-2 소프트웨어의 구성 ·············································································· 29

5. 전자계산기의 프로그래밍 언어 ···································································· 30
5-1 저급 언어(Low Level Language) ······················································· 30
5-2 중급 언어(Middle Level Language) ·················································· 31
5-3 고급 언어(High Level Language) ······················································ 31
5-4 프로그램의 번역 과정 ········································································ 32

6. 전자계산기의 활용 분야 ·············································································· 33

연습문제 ············································································································· 34



CHAPTER 02 논리 회로

1. 불 대수 ·········································································································· 37
1-1 불대수의 기본 관계식 ········································································ 37
1-2 가법 표준형과 승법 표준형 ······························································· 43
1-3 논리식의 간략화 ················································································· 44

2. 게이트(Gate) ································································································ 49
2-1 게이트의 종류 ····················································································· 49
2-2 게이트의 조합 ····················································································· 56

3. 조합 논리 회로 ····························································································· 58
3-1 반가산기(HA；Half Adder) ································································ 59
3-2 반감산기(HS；Half Subtractor) ·························································· 61
3-3 전가산기(FA；Full Adder) ································································· 62
3-4 전감산기(FS；Full Subtractor) ··························································· 64
3-5 병렬 가산기(PA；Parallel Adder) ······················································ 65
3-6 8421 가산기(BCD 가산기) ································································· 67
3-7 부호기(Encoder)와 해독기(Decoder) ·················································· 68
3-8 디멀티플렉서(DEMUX)와 멀티플렉서(MUX) ··································· 71
3-9 2진 승산기 ·························································································· 73
3-10 비교기(Comparator) ············································································· 74

4. 순서 논리 회로 ····························································································· 76
4-1 RS 플립플롭 ························································································ 77
4-2 D 플립플롭 ·························································································· 79
4-3 JK 플립플롭(Flip Flop) ······································································ 80
4-4 T 플립플롭 ·························································································· 82
4-5 여기표(Excitation Table) ····································································· 83

연습문제 ············································································································· 84



CHAPTER 03 자료의 표현

1. 자료의 표현 단위 ·························································································· 88
1-1 자료 표현의 최소 단위 ···································································· 88
1-2 자료의 표현 단위 ··············································································· 88

2. 진 법 ········································································································· 90
2-1 진수의 표현 ························································································· 91
2-2 진법 변환 ···························································································· 93

3. 보 수 ········································································································· 97
3-1 보수의 표현 ························································································· 97
3-2 R의 보수와 R-1의 보수 관계 ···························································· 99

4. 수치적 자료의 표현 ···················································································· 100
4-1 고정 소수점(Fixed Point Number) ··················································· 100
4-2 부동 소수점(Floating Point Number) ·············································· 105
4-3 10진 데이터(Decimal Data)의 표현 ················································· 107
4-4 수치 코드(Code) ················································································ 109
4-5 착오 검출용 코드(Error Detecting Code) ········································ 113

5. 비수치적 자료의 표현 ················································································ 117
5-1 문자형 BCD(Binary Coded Decimal) 코드 ····································· 117
5-2 EBCDIC 코드 ··················································································· 118
5-3 ASCII 코드 ························································································ 119

6. 논리형 자료와 포인터 자료 ······································································· 121
6-1 논리형 자료 ······················································································· 121
6-2 포인터 자료 ······················································································· 121

연습문제 ··········································································································· 123



CHAPTER 04 연 산

1. 수치적 연산 ································································································· 126
1-1 사칙연산 ···························································································· 127
1-2 보수에 의한 감산 ·············································································· 127
1-3 승산과 제산 알고리즘(Algorithm) ··················································· 130
1-4 산술 시프트(Arithmetic Shift) ·························································· 132
1-5 오버플로(Overflow) 발생조건 ·························································· 138
1-6 부동 소수점 연산 ·············································································· 139

2. 비수치 연산 ································································································ 142
2-1 논리 연산 ·························································································· 142
2-2 논리 시프트(Logical Shift)와 로테이트(Rotate) ······························ 145

연습문제 ··········································································································· 146



CHAPTER 05 명 령

1. 명령의 구성 ································································································· 149
1-1 연산자의 기능 ··················································································· 151
1-2 연산자의 종류 ··················································································· 154
1-3 기억 공간과 주소 공간 ···································································· 155
1-4 절대 주소와 상대 주소 ···································································· 156
1-5 오퍼랜드(Operand)부 ········································································· 157

2. 명령 형식 ···································································································· 157
2-1 0주소 명령(0 Address Instruction) ·················································· 157
2-2 1주소 명령(1 Address Instruction) ·················································· 159
2-3 2주소 명령(2 Address Instruction) ·················································· 160
2-4 3주소 명령(3 Address Instruction) ·················································· 161

3. 주소 지정 방식 ··························································································· 162
3-1 즉치 주소 지정 방식(Immediate Addressing Mode) ······················ 163
3-2 직접 주소 지정 방식(Direct Addressing Mode) ····························· 164
3-3 간접 주소 지정 방식(Indirect Addressing Mode) ··························· 164
3-4 레지스터 지정 방식(Register Addressing Mode) ···························· 165
3-5 레지스터 간접 주소 지정 방식(Register Indirect Addressing Mode) ····· 166
3-6 상대 주소 지정 방식(Relative Addressing Mode) ·························· 167
3-7 인덱스 레지스터 주소 지정 방식(Index Register Addressing Mode) ·· 168
3-8 베이스 레지스터 주소 지정 방식(Base Register Addressing Mode) ··· 169

4. 자료 주소의 표현 ······················································································· 170
4-1 완전 주소 ·························································································· 170
4-2 약식 주소 ·························································································· 170
4-3 생략 주소 ·························································································· 170
4-4 데이터 자신 ······················································································· 171

연습문제 ··········································································································· 172



CHAPTER 06 명령의 수행과 제어

1. 마이크로 오퍼레이션과 마이크로 사이클 ·················································· 176
1-1 마이크로 오퍼레이션(Micro Operation) ··········································· 176
1-2 마이크로 사이클(Micro Cycle) ························································ 178

2. 레지스터 간 전송 ······················································································· 179
2-1 직렬 전송(Serial Transfer) ································································ 179
2-2 병렬 전송(Parallel Transfer) ····························································· 180
2-3 버스 전송(Bus Transfer) ··································································· 181
2-4 메모리 전송(Memory Transfer) ························································ 183

3. 제어 신호 ···································································································· 184
3-1 3상태 버퍼(Tri State Buffer) ··························································· 184
3-2 제어점(Control Point) ······································································· 185
3-3 제어 함수(Control Function)와 타이밍(Timing) ······························ 187

4. 메이저 스테이트(Major State) ·································································· 189
4-1 Fetch State ························································································· 190
4-2 Indirect State ····················································································· 192
4-3 Execute State ····················································································· 193

5. 제어기의 실현 ····························································································· 195
5-1 제어 구조 ·························································································· 195
5-2 제어기의 실현 ··················································································· 195

6. 병렬 처리 시스템 ············································197
6-1 파이프라인 처리기 ············································································ 197
6-2 어레이 처리기 ··················································································· 199
6-3 멀티처리기 ························································································· 200

연습문제 ··········································································································· 201



CHAPTER 07 인터럽트

1. 인터럽트의 종류 ·························································································· 205
1-1 하드웨어적 인터럽트 ········································································ 205
1-2 소프트웨어적 인터럽트 ····································································· 207

2. 인터럽트의 동작 원리 및 수행 ·································································· 207

3. 인터럽트의 신호 회선 체계와 인터럽트 사이클 ······································· 209
3-1 단일 인터럽트 요청 신호 회선 체계 ·············································· 209
3-2 고유 인터럽트 요청 신호 회선 체계 ·············································· 211
3-3 혼합 인터럽트 요청 신호 회선 체계 ·············································· 214

4. 장치 식별 ···································································································· 214
4-1 폴링 방식 ·························································································· 214
4-2 벡터 인터럽트 방식 ·········································································· 216

5. 우선순위 체계 ····························································································· 217
5-1 소프트웨어 우선순위 인터럽트 ························································ 218
5-2 하드웨어 우선순위 인터럽트 ··························································· 218

연습문제 ··········································································································· 220



CHAPTER 08 기억장치

1. 기억장치의 분류 ·························································································· 224
1-1 주기억장치와 보조기억장치 ····························································· 224
1-2 RWM과 ROM, 그리고 RMM ·························································· 225
1-3 DRO Memory와 NDRO Memory ···················································· 226
1-4 DASD, SASD, CAM ········································································ 226
1-5 휘발성 메모리와 비휘발성 메모리 ·················································· 227
1-6 동적 메모리와 정적 메모리 ····························································· 227

2. 주기억장치 ·································································································· 228
2-1 반도체 기억장치 ··············································································· 229
2-2 PLA(Programmable Logic Array) ···················································· 235
2-3 조셉슨 접합(Josephson Junction) ····················································· 236
2-4 자기 코어(Magnetic Core) ································································ 236
2-5 주기억장치의 주변 회로 동작 ························································· 237

3. 보조기억장치 ······························································································ 238
3-1 자기드럼(Magnetic Drum) ································································ 239
3-2 자기디스크(Magnetic Disk) ······························································ 240
3-3 자기테이프(Magnetic Tape) ······························································ 241
3-4 기타 보조기억장치 ············································································ 247

4. 고속의 버퍼 메모리와 가상기억장치 ························································· 248
4-1 고속의 버퍼 메모리(Cache) ······························································ 248
4-2 가상기억장치(Virtual Memory) ························································ 252
4-3 고속의 버퍼 메모리와 가상기억장치의 비교 ·································· 256

5. 특수 기억장치 ····························································································· 256
5-1 연관기억장치(Associative Memory) ················································· 256
5-2 복수 모듈 기억장치 ·········································································· 257

연습문제 ··········································································································· 258



CHAPTER 09 입출력장치

1. 입력장치 ······································································································ 262
1-1 카드 판독기(Card Reader) ································································ 262
1-2 키보드(Key Board) ··········································································· 264
1-3 광학 문자 판독기(OCR ; Optical Character Reader) ······················· 265
1-4 광학 마크 판독기(OMR ; Optical Mark Reader) ···························· 266
1-5 자기 잉크 문자 판독기(MICR) ························································ 266
1-6 바코드 판독기(Bar Code Reader) ···················································· 266
1-7 종이테이프 판독기(Paper Tape Reader) ·········································· 267
1-8 기타 입력장치 ··················································································· 267

2. 출력장치 ······································································································ 271
2-1 모니터(Monitor) ················································································· 271
2-2 프린터(Printer) ··················································································· 272
2-3 플로터(Plotter) ··················································································· 277

3. 입출력 시스템의 제어방식 ········································································· 278
3-1 입출력장치와 기억장치의 비교 ························································ 278
3-2 입출력 제어 처리 방식 ···································································· 280
3-3 입출력 인터페이스(I/O Interface) ···················································· 282

4. 채 널(Channel) ························································································ 285
4-1 채널 프로그램(Channel Program) ···················································· 286
4-2 채널의 종류 ······················································································· 287

5. DMA(Direct Memory Access) ································································ 290
5-1 DMA에 필요한 하드웨어적 기능 ···················································· 290
5-2 DMA의 동작 ····················································································· 291
5-3 사이클 스틸(Cycle Steal)과 인터럽트(Interrupt)의 차이 ················ 292
5-4 채널과 DMA 제어기의 비교 ··························································· 292

연습문제 ··········································································································· 294



CHAPTER 10 데이터 통신

1. 데이터 통신 개요 ························································································ 297
1-1 데이터 통신의 정의 ·········································································· 297
1-2 통신 시스템의 구성 ·········································································· 298
1-3 데이터 통신 시스템의 발전 ····························································· 298
1-4 온라인 시스템과 오프라인 시스템 ·················································· 299

2. 데이터 통신 시스템의 기본구성 ································································ 300
2-1 단말장치(DTE ; Data Terminal Equipment) ····································· 301
2-2 통신 회선(Communication Line) ······················································ 301
2-3 통신 제어 장치(CCU ; Communication Control Unit) ···················· 301
2-4 모뎀(MODEM) ·················································································· 302

3. 데이터 전송 방식 ······················································································· 303
3-1 단향 통신(Simplex Communication) ················································ 303
3-2 이중 통신(Duplex Communication) ················································· 304

4. 전송 형태 및 속도 ····················································································· 305
4-1 직렬 전송과 병렬 전송 ···································································· 305
4-2 비동기식, 동기식, 혼합형 동기식 ···················································· 306
4-3 전송 속도 ·························································································· 309

5. 데이터 통신 네트워크 ················································································ 310
5-1 통신망의 형태 ··················································································· 310

6. LAN과 VAN ································································································ 313
6-1 LAN(Local Area Network) ······························································ 313
6-2 VAN(Value Added Network) ··························································· 314

7. OSI(Open System Interconnection) ······················································ 315

연습문제 ··········································································································· 317



정답 및 해설 ····································································································· 320

도서소개

이 책은 컴퓨터를 이용하여 각종 자료를 처리하기 위한 가장 기본적인 학문인 동시에 전산 관련 학문을 공부하는 사람들에게는 기초적인 과목으로, 다음 사항에 역점을 두고 엮었다.

첫째, 본 교재는 컴퓨터의 기초 원리와 기본 구조를 중심으로 컴퓨터의 하드웨어를 이해하고 응용에 도움을 줄 수 있도록 하였다.

둘째, 각 단원에 대한 기초적인 지식에서부터 응용 기술에 이르기까지 자세하게 설명하였다.

셋째, 각종 자격시험에 대비할 수 있도록 전자계산기, 정보처리, 전자계산기 조직응용, 정보통신 등의 기출된 문제들을 수록함으로써 단원별 중요 부분을 인지하도록 하였고, 실력 평가를 통해 미진한 부분을 재학습할 수 있도록 구성하였다.
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